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Global Warming, Stabilization Of The Earth'S Biosphere

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  DOI 10.37539/231128.2023.65.89.042
  UDC 574
  Kell Lev
  Candidate of Technical Sciences
  St. Petersburg
  GLOBAL WARMING, STABILIZATION OF THE EARTH'S BIOSPHERE
  Abstract: According to available paleoclimatology data on the state of the Earth's climate in
  past epochs, global warming has mainly positive consequences. Perhaps one of the main planetary
  tasks of mankind is the return of carbon dioxide to the Earth's atmosphere, withdrawn from it in
  previous periods of development in the form of caustobiolites (coal, oil, gas, etc.) - stabilization of
  the carbon cycle of the biosphere?
  Keywords: global warming, carbon footprint, climate, biosphere, biogenic elements, carbon
  cycle.
  The Paleogene (66-23 million years ago) is the first of the periods of the modern geological
  era - the Cenozoic. By the way, it was a good time - the Paleogene post-apocalypse. The
  atmosphere has finally come to a modern, human-friendly appearance with a minimum content of
  carbon dioxide and moderate oxygen. The climate was smooth and mild all over the planet. The
  suffocating Mesozoic heat was replaced by the conditions of the moderately humid tropics. Forests
  - mostly evergreen deciduous and only in the highest latitudes coniferous - were noisy up to and
  including the northern coast of Greenland. It was only in the middle of the period that it gradually
  began to get colder and small ice caps formed at the poles [1]. The content of carbon dioxide in the
  atmosphere in the Paleogene (Paleocene-Eocene) was approximately five times higher than the
  modern one (0.16% versus 0.03% at present). Average temperatures were then about 8 ?C higher
  than today. Even in the North Sea in the Paleocene, the surface water temperature was about 17-18
  ?C, increasing to 22-23 ?C in the Eocene [2]. So why are we so afraid of the small increase in
  CO2 content and the warming climate that is being observed now? What's wrong if the climate
  gets a little warmer and smoother all over the planet? Are we afraid that glaciers will melt and part
  of the land will be under water? But the land area has hardly changed over time. Therefore, as in the
  time of Pangaea (late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic), and now, adding up the areas of all continents
  and islands, we get about one value - 150 thousand km2, this is 29% of the Earth's surface area as a
  whole ... as 250 million years ago [3]. At the same time, agricultural lands make up no more than
  one third of the land area, i.e. no more than 10% of the Earth's surface [4].
  One of the most important factors of climate variation is the change in the intensity and
  nature of volcanism with a frequency of up to tens of thousands of years, as a result of which a huge
  amount of greenhouse gases can enter the atmosphere, far exceeding modern anthropogenic
  emissions [5]. It is believed that this volcanic activity 250 million years ago led to the extinction of
  almost 80% of all biological species on Earth [6].
  After the end of the Permo-carbon glaciation, with the onset of the Mesozoic era, a very
  warm climate was established on the planet, with the complete absence of polar ice caps. The warm
  climate throughout almost the entire Mesozoic, with average temperatures 10-15 ? C higher than
  modern ones, probably provided a fairly high content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which
  appeared after powerful volcanic activity and the strongest extinction at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic
  boundary, and was maintained at approximately the same level until the end of the Mesozoic. In the
  Cretaceous period, for example, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 6-10
  times higher than today's. One of the reasons why the high content of carbon dioxide in the
  atmosphere remained in most of the Mesozoic was probably the improvement of the carbon cycle,
  which provided a more efficient return to the atmosphere [2].
  At the same time, the vast majority of plants (C3 - about 95%) are adapted to a higher CO2
  content in the atmosphere. Thus, according to experimental data, doubling the current concentration
  of CO2 in the atmosphere from 0.03 to 0.06% will lead to an increase in productivity in C3 plants
  by 49% [7].
  Thus, based on the review, conclusions can be drawn:
  - an increase in the CO2 content in the atmosphere compared to today's (0.03%) makes the
  climate more even and mild
  - during the periods of the Earth's development with a very warm climate and the absence of
  polar glaciers, the land area on Earth was the same as at present
  - an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere by two times compared to
  today's will lead to a 49% increase in productivity of C3 plants.
  - warming and equalization of the climate will increase the surface area of the Earth suitable
  for agricultural activities
  That is, according to available paleoclimatology data on the state of the Earth's climate in
  past epochs, global warming has mainly positive consequences.
  At the same time, models based on global climate warming predict scenarios of devastating
  floods, droughts, forest fires, ocean acidification and the possible collapse of functioning
  ecosystems, both on earth and in water [8]. Hence the Kyoto Protocol, quotas for greenhouse gas
  emissions, and the calculation of the carbon footprint. However, it is impossible to build adequate
  models of such a complex ecosystem as the Earth's biosphere. Therefore, it seems more preferable
  to trust paleoclimatology data than global warming models. Perhaps, in particular, one of the
  main planetary missions of mankind is the return of carbon dioxide to the Earth's
  atmosphere, withdrawn from it in previous periods of development in the form of caustic
  biolites (coal, oil, gas, etc.) - stabilization of the carbon cycle of the biosphere? This task is
  performed by burning caustobiolites [9].
  In the process of evolution, ecosystems have not only effectively adapted to the basic
  systems of a lower level - chemical systems, but also changed them. This is the reduction of water
  turbidity and oxygen saturation of the waters of the world ocean by aquatic ecosystems in the
  process of their evolutionary development, the creation of soil by terrestrial ecosystems. This is the
  creation of an oxygen atmosphere. On a global scale, this is the emergence and improvement of the
  cycle of biogenic elements.
  Higher forms of organization of matter and systems consist of and include lower forms and
  systems. At the same time, higher forms and systems not only include lower forms and systems, but
  also stabilizes them.
  Thus, chemical systems, including elementary particles in the composition of atoms and
  molecules, stabilize them in space and time.
  Similarly, biological systems stabilize the chemical systems included in their composition -
  they reduce entropy. "From a general planetary point of view, life should be considered as a way to
  stabilize the geochemical cycles existing on the planet" [10].
  Social systems must also stabilize lower systems, in particular the cycles of biogenic
  elements in the biosphere.
  Thus, systems at any level not only adapt to systems at a lower level of the organization, but
  also stabilize them. From chemical systems, to social systems and above.
  Systems, like forms of organization of matter, exist and include lower systems and are
  themselves the basis for higher systems. In particular, biological systems cannot exist and do not
  include chemical systems. It is not for nothing that biological systems, along with the name
  "ecosystems", are also called "biogeocenosis", emphasizing their connection with the chemical
  components of the Earth.
  Similarly, social systems (nousystems) cannot exist and do not include biological systems
  (ecosystems). Thus, the condition for the existence and development of nous systems is the
  existence of ecosystems in all their structural and informational diversity.
  The criteria for successful development of noosystems are:
  - protection and maintenance of structural and information diversity of ecosystems
  - development of science and art - two ways of understanding the world. Creative activity
  and knowledge of the surrounding World are the main meaning of human life. An increase in the
  degree of information content and orderliness of matter and transfer to higher levels is a condition
  for the stabilization and development of natural systems, in particular noosystems.
  The basic principles of the existence of noosystems, which will allow them to develop
  without undermining their fundamental basis - the biosphere:
  - Firstly, all waste from the functioning of noosystems must be converted into a form
  familiar to these ecosystems before entering ecosystems. This translation can be carried out using
  various methods, including the use of artificially created ecosystems.
  - Secondly, noosystems must be effectively integrated into the food chains of ecosystems,
  without slowing down the cycle of nutrients.
  - Thirdly, qualitative and informational indicators that determine the development of higher
  forms of organization of matter should take priority over quantitative ones. These priorities must be
  taken into account when developing demographic policy.
  - Fourthly, the stability of noosystems is determined by the presence of effective restrictions
  and feedbacks in them [11].
  One of humanity"s planetary tasks is to stabilize the Earth"s biosphere. In particular, by
  stabilizing the cycles of nutrients in the biosphere.
  Let's consider the role of humanity in stabilizing the cycle of basic nutrients:
  - as already noted, all waste from the functioning of noosystems must, before entering
  ecosystems, be converted into a form familiar to these ecosystems. This applies to solid, liquid and
  gaseous waste.
  - aquatic ecosystems, unlike terrestrial ones, are adapted to low levels of nutrients.
  Phosphorus contained in wastewater is the main nutrient that causes anthropogenic eutrophication
  of natural aquatic ecosystems. In particular, an increase in the phosphorus content in aquatic
  ecosystems causes rapid development (blooming) of blue-green algae, many species of which are
  nitrogen-fixing organisms and therefore their development is limited precisely by the phosphorus
  content in the solution. In turn, the "blooming" of blue-greens due to the release of toxins and the
  creation of anoxic zones leads to degradation and death of aquatic ecosystems. Ultimately, when
  phosphorus enters aquatic ecosystems, it can be removed from the cycle for a long time in the form
  of phosphate sediment. Therefore, it is the removal of phosphorus that is one of the main tasks in
  the treatment of wastewater discharged into aquatic ecosystems [12, 13]. At the same time,
  terrestrial ecosystems, on the contrary, are evolutionarily adapted to a high content of nutrients in
  them, and the additional introduction of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus into them only increases
  their productivity.
  - carbon is removed from the cycle in the form of fossil fuels - caustobiolites (coal, oil, gas,
  etc.). Thus, in particular, one of the main planetary missions of humanity is the return of carbon
  dioxide to the Earth"s atmosphere, removed from it in previous periods of development in the form
  of caustobiolites. Instead of searching for a carbon footprint, it is advisable to direct efforts and
  resources to solving pressing environmental problems - returning solid, liquid and gaseous waste
  from the functioning of noosystems to ecosystems, with the preliminary transfer of the returned
  waste into a form familiar to these ecosystems.
  Conclusion.
  - One of the main planetary tasks of humanity is to stabilize the cycles of nutrients in the
  biosphere. In particular, the return of carbon dioxide to the Earth"s atmosphere, removed from it in
  previous periods of development in the form of caustobioliths (coal, oil, gas, etc.) - stabilization of
  the biosphere carbon cycle. This task is accomplished by burning combustible minerals. There is no
  need to spend effort and money on so-called carbon footprint reduction.
  - Aquatic ecosystems, unlike terrestrial ones, are evolutionarily adapted to low levels of
  nutrients. Therefore, the environmental task of humanity is to prevent the entry of nutrients into
  natural aquatic ecosystems with wastewater.
  References:
  1. Кай И. Палеоген: Монстры постапокалипсиса. https://paleontol.ru/paleogenovyjperiod-monstry-postapokalipsisa-toptavshie-zemlju-50-millionov-let-nazad/ (дата обращения
  02.11.2014)
  2. Изменение содержания углерода в атмосфере в разные геологические периоды.
  https://studbooks.net/985983/ekologiya/izmenenie_soderzhaniya_ugleroda_atmosfere_raznye_geol
  ogicheskie_periody (дата обращения 02.11.2023)
  3. Суша Земли https://umschool.net/library/geografiya/susha-zemli-1-0/ (дата
  обращения 02.11.2023)
  4. Земельные ресурсы. Земельные ресурсы Земли. https://bookcovers.ru/landresources-land-land-resources.html (дата обращения 02.11.2023)
  5. Добрецов Н. Л. Климат во времени и пространстве.. Наука из первых рук. 2010,
  том 36. ?6. с. 80-87
  6. Добрецов Н. Л. Катастрофические извержения вулканов - готово ли к ним
  человечество? // Наука из первых рук. 2018, ? 5. с. 74-79
  7. Углекислый газ в атмосфере Земли.
  https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8
  1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%82%D
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  8. 10 самых серьезных последствий глобального потепления.
  https://www.infoniac.ru/news/10-samyh-ser-eznyh-posledstvii-global-nogo-potepleniya.html (дата
  обращения 02.11.2023)
  9. Келль Л. С. Глорбальное потепление - углеродный след // Самиздат
  http://samlib.ru/k/kellx_l_s/kell22.shtml (дата обращения 02.11.2023)
  10. Еськов К.Ю. История земли и жизни на ней. М.: Мирос, 1999. 143 с.
  11. Келль Л. С. Экологическая биотехнология. Спб.: Лань, 2022, 232 с.
  12. Одум Ю. Основы экологии. Москва.: Мир, 1975. 740 с.
  13. Келль Л.С. Принципы структурной организации экосистем // Экология и
  жизнь, 2007, N3, с. 37-39
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